Effects of Different Concentrations of Formalin on Paw Edema and Pain Behaviors in Rats

The aim of this study was to determine whether formalin reliably provokes a paw edema and pain behavior. The paw of male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with 100 microliter of formalin with 2.5% (F2.5), 5% (F5), and 10% (F10) concentrations. Following the formalin (n=8) or saline (control, n=6) injection, the flinching or licking of the paw was recorded for the phase 1 response (0-5 min after injection) and phase 2 response (20-60 min). The formalin-induced paw edema was assessed by measuring the diameters of the injected paws at 4 hr after injection. As for flinching, phase 1 and 2 of all three groups showed higher frequency than those of the control group (p<0.05). As for licking, phase 1 cumulative time of the F2.5 and F10 groups, and phase 2 cumulative time of the F2.5 and F5 groups showed a longer duration than those in the control group (p<0.05). The diameters of the paw in the F10 group were significantly larger than those in the control group (p<0.05). Flinching behavior was more reliably expressed the biphasic response than licking response at all formalin concentrations. Peak of the licking was reached at 2.5% and that of flinching was reached at 5%, whereas the paw edema peaked at 10% concentration. This suggests that there may be some dissociation of nociception from the edema formation.

Anesthetic Management for Sequential Bronchoalveolar Lavage in a Patient with Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis: A case report / 대한구급학회지

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a rare disease of unknown etiology characterized by the remittent or progressive accumulation of lipid-rich proteinaceous material within the alveolar space in the absence of inflammatory response. The removal of lipoproteinaceous material from the alveolar can the only means of effectively treating the progressive hypoxemia in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Bronchoalveolar lavage using a double-lumen endotracheal tube is an accepted modality for treatment of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. We had utilized sequential bronchoalveolar lavage successfully for the treatment of a 51 year-old male patient with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. There was no hypoxemia and unstable hemodynamics during the procedure. We conclude that the procedure will be safely performed by careful monitoring.

The Effect of Desflurane on Myocardial Contractility and Coronary Flow in Isolated Rat Hearts / 대한마취과학회지

Background: Desflurane, a fluorinated methyl-ethyl ether, has some advantageous properties including low blood solubility, stability in soda lime, and resistance to biodegradation. Desflurane in vivo has demonstrated myocardial depressant property. The purpose of this study was to test the direct effects of desflurane on myocardial contractile function and coronary flow in the isolated heart. Methods: Twelve isolated rat hearts were continuously perfused with modified Krebs solution containing 6, 9 and 12 vol% of desflurane for 10 min at each concentration. Systolic left ventricular pressure and rate of change of ventricular pressure (dp/dt) were measured. Heart rate and coronary flow were also measured. To differentiate direct vasodilatory effect of desflurane from an indirect metabolic effect due to autoregulation of coronary flow, oxygen delivery, myocardial oxygen consumption and percent oxygen extraction were calculated. Results: Heart rate (control 266+/-22 beats/min) decreased to 250+/-23 beats/min at 6 vol%, 236+/-26 beats/min at 9 vol% and 223+/-22 beats/min at 12 vol% of desflurane. Systolic left ventricular pressure and dp/dt decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. In spite of decrement of myocardial oxygen consumption, coronary flow (control 12.0+/-1.2 ml/min) increased to 12.8+/-1.6 ml/min at 6 vol%, 12.9+/-1.6 ml/min at 9 vol% and 13.7+/-1.4 ml/min at 12 vol% of desflurane. Oxygen delivery increased proportionally with coronary flow. Percent oxygen extraction decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion: These results suggest that desflurane has a direct myocardial depressing and coronary vasodilating effect in a concentration-dependent manner.

Two Cases of General Anesthesia for Laparoscopic Ovarian Cystectomy during Early Pregnancy / 대한마취과학회지

Operative laparoscopy has begun to replace laparotomy for women with various pelvic diseases. The advantages of laparoscopy include less pain, reduced postoperative complications, small scars, shorter hospital stay, reduced recovery time and low cost. However, the study about operative laparoscopy during pregnancy are still rare in Korea. We experienced two cases of laparoscopy during early pregnancy. Two pregnant women with an adnexal mass underwent laparoscopic operations under general anesthesia. One patient underwent laparoscopic salpingo-oophorectomy due to ovarian cyst at 14weeks of gestation, and the other patient did laparoscopic cystectomy at 12weeks of gestation. There was no specific anesthetic problem during operation, patients had uneventful pregnancy.